Volcano-sedimentary response to a mantle plume decay: A case study from the Eastern Mediterranean margin

The decay of a mantle plume is characterized by a decline in magmatic activity, localized volcanic pulses, and short-term topographic fluctuations. These processes are better preserved in marine settings than on land, offering a clearer record of surface dynamics. This study examines the decay of the Levant mantle plume during the Albian-Cenomanian by analyzing the effect of recurring volcanism and vertical motions on the volcano-sedimentary stratigraphy exposed in Mt. Carmel, located on the eastern Mediterranean continental margin, a gas giant province. Geological mapping and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating reveal four distinct volcanic pulses (V₁–V₄) between ∼99 Ma and 95.4 Ma, each associated with surface uplift followed by subsidence and sedimentation. These cycles suggest pressure accumulation and release, likely driven by residual plume-related magmatic activity rather than regional tectonics. Volcanism, vertical motions, and shallow marine areas created local basins with varying connections to the sea, resulting in diverse depositional environments characterized by lithologies such as chalk, limestone, dolomite, marl, and tuff. The volcanic structures influenced facies changes and contributed to the formation of dolomite in shallow, partially closed marine environments. A final pulse, V₅ at 82 Ma, occurred after 13 Myr of quiescence, marking a shift in the regional tectonic setting. The lack of post-Maastrichtian volcanism and a 25 Myr long period of subsidence indicate plume termination. These findings demonstrate how a decaying plume loses its ability to influence surface dynamics. The Albian-Turonian reefs, situated atop a long-lasting crustal high structural block (swell) at the Arabian platform’s edge, serve as a significant example for analogous worldwide.